gruff

名词 n. 动词 v. 形容词 adj.
中文释义
英 /ɡɹʌf/    美 /ɡɹʌf/|/ɡɹɐf/

英文释义

名词 n.
  1. Alternative spelling of grough (“gully in a moor”). alt-of,alternative
    — […] Yorkshire and Derbyshire, where [...] the ordinary sportsman has to go "gruffing," as it is called, to game game, i. e., stealing up the "gruffs" or gullies and undulations in the ground, and trying all the clumps of long old twisted heather and broken bogs. […] the open places on the moor, and thus driving the birds forward to deep lying bogs and "gruffs" […]
动词 v.
  1. To speak gruffly.
    — “Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.
形容词 adj.
  1. having a rough, surly, and harsh demeanor and nature.
  2. Of goods: bulky. British,India
    — […] articles that usually compose the gruff cargoes of our outward bound shipping.
  3. hoarse-voiced.
    — a gruff woman
  4. hoarse.
    — a gruff voice

词形变化

gruffer comparative gruffest superlative gruffs present,singular,third-person gruffing participle,present gruffed participle,past gruffed past gruffs plural

词汇关系

衍生词
gruffish gruffly gruffness gruffy ungruff

词源

词源 1
16th century, from Dutch grof and/or Middle Low German grof (both “rough, coarse, rude”), from Old Dutch *grof or Old Saxon *grof, both from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”), possibly from an earlier *gahrubaz and then related with *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).
词源 2
Perhaps related to Dutch grof (“rough, coarse”).
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