actinoporins

— High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments [ 107 ], intrinsic fluorescence measurements [ 108 ], X-ray crystallography and electron microscopic analyses of two dimensional crystals [ 109 ] have suggested that, during the membrane penetration, the N -terminal amphiphilic α-helix segment of actinoporins detach from the main body and insert into the target membrane to produce pores with a diameter of 1–3 nm (~11–30 Å) [ 54, 110 ].