Kweisui

— Japan took advantage of Chinese defeats in Inner Mongolia. The southeastern portion of Chahar was converted into the autonomous state of South Chahar (Ch’a-nan), with headquarters at Kalgan. The autonomous state of North Shansi (Chin-pei) was carved out, with its capital at Tatung. The largest, the United Leagues of Mongolia, including all Suiyuan and most of Chahar, was administered from Kweisui. A fourth unit, the Federal Council of the Mongolian Borderland (Meng Chiang), was planned by the Japanese. The governments of these marionette states were held by the bayonets of the Japanese Kwantung Army.